Charcoal production and community development in Kondehbotehun and Panderu communities: A social work inquiry

Abstract

Charcoal production, while widely known for its environmental degradation, remains a critical source of income for many rural households. In the communities of Kondehbotehun and Panderu, located in Nongowa Chiefdom, Kenema District, charcoal manufacturing has emerged not from tradition but from necessity-driven by persistent poverty and a lack of sustainable livelihood alternatives. This study, titled "Charcoal Production and Community Development in Kondehbotehun and Panderu Communities: A Social Work Inquiry," explores the evolution, practices, and socio-economic implications of charcoal production within these rural settings. Through qualitative methods-including focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews, and direct observation-data were gathered from local elders and active charcoal producers. Despite challenges such as high illiteracy rates and reluctance among some respondents to provide historical accounts, the study reveals that charcoal production has evolved from a survival tactic introduced by early settlers into a mainstream economic activity. Influential community members such as Mustapha Koroma and Alpha Kamara illustrate how the trade has become a vital, albeit environmentally taxing, source of livelihood. Findings confirm that poverty remains the primary driver of charcoal production, with many individuals depending on it as their sole means of income. The research further highlights the complex intersection of environmental sustainability, economic survival, and social welfare, urging a deeper understanding of these dynamics through a social work lens. The report concludes with recommendations for introducing sustainable livelihood options, promoting environmental education, and implementing community-based interventions that support both human wellbeing and ecological balance.